Chapter 1 is titled “The Essence of Sin”.  This chapter is divided into seven sections.  The first section is “The Vocabulary of Scripture”.

I summarize the text (pages 1-3).

The Hebrew word for “sinning” literally means “to miss” as in “to miss the mark”.  Who sets the mark?  Answer:  Not you, nor your friends, family, tribe, nation … only God does.

“Missing the mark” implies rebellion or offense against Yahweh (on the outside) and inner injustice or guilt (on the inside).

The words, “anon” and “pesa”, flesh out these implications.  “Anon” points to “something amiss or twisted”, like guilt or iniquity, that ought to be carried away and expiated.  “Pesa” indicates an attitude of rebellion against God.

These words were used in Exodus to describe the obstinacy, infidelity, and apostasy of the tribes of Israel.  The prophets also used the word “pesa” to describe unfaithfulness and rebellion.

Later writers mixed in the Hebrew words “ka’as” and “na’as”. “Ka’as” describes Yahweh’s jealous and provoked wrath.  “Na’as” is translated as “scorn”, “revile”, “disdain”, “spurn” and “embitter”.  “Na’as” was translated into Latin as “offendere”.