0382 Does Shannon’s information theory offer a metaphor for biosemiotics?

And, how weird and disturbing would that analogy be?

0383 Consider the hypothetical that exemplifies the author’s biphasic depiction of evolutionary growth.

Here is a picture.

0384 According to Shannon’s information theory, I should focus on the virtual nested form in the realm of actuality.

The perspective-level actuality_2c of free glucose to the insect’s body_2c virtually brings the situation-level actuality_2b of the functionality of the claw and jaw combination achieved by bacteria in the insect’s gut_2b into relation with the potential of the content-level actuality_2a of glucose bound within the cellulose that the insect has eaten_2a.

0385 My exterminator says that he recommends a new product.

Apparently, investigators at the Molecular Biology Department at the University of Slidell, in Louisiana, hatched a scheme for treating lumber with dilute concentrations of hydrofluoric acid.  They patented the process.

0386 Apparently, the fluoride replaces a hydroxy group on the beta-linked polysaccharides of wood, here and there.  The fluoride causes the claw part of the jaw and claw to not let go.  Apparently, one fluoride on one beta-linked polysaccharide can gum up the operations of a whole bacteria and the bacteria dies, which is no big deal, until the wood-eating insect’s gut digests the bacteria and frees that one fluoride-labeled beta-linked polysaccharide back into the gut, for another bacteria to pick up to digest.

In short, bacteria-killing fluoride-labeled beta-linked polysaccharides start to build up in the wood-eating insect’s gut and the insect gets less glucose, even as it continues to eat the treated wood.  This is no good.  So, the wood-eating insects move on.

Yes, the treated wood_2a transmits a message into a channel within the wood-eating insect’s gut_2b so the insect itself receives a signal to move on_2c.

0387 What a sales pitch.  The explanation offers a specific mechanism for deterring wood-eating insects.  Plus, it fits a budget.

The economy of the exterminator’s proposal, along with the promised robustness of treatment and flexibility in application, convinced my neighbor to use the processed wood for his new shed, which replaces his old, well-infested, one.

I suspect that my neighbor secretly hopes that the wood-eating insects simply move over to my lot.  It is as if my neighbor_2a transmits a message into a channel consisting of a trail of wood-eating insects to my untreated wood shed_2bthat signals to me that I better build a new shed with treated lumber_2c.

0012 Okay, the Positivist’s judgment uses the empirio-schematic judgment as a tool for generating models.  For this reason, what ought to be belongs to secondness.

At this point, the reader may see a method to the madness of the seventeenth century mechanical philosophers.  Truncated material and efficient causes permit the construction of mathematical and mechanical models, based on observations and measurements of phenomena.  Final and formal causes cannot be regarded as data, since they are metaphysical.  Metaphysical causalities cannot be regarded as physical.

Mathematical and mechanical formula represent the physical world as models (what ought to be, secondness).  Disciplinary language (relation, thirdness) couches these formula (what ought to be, secondness) in terminology that applies to observations and measurements of phenomena (what is, firstness).  Phenomena belong to firstness (the realm of possibility) because they have the potential to be observed and measured.

0013 In regards to what is, a dyadic relational structure belongs to the category of firstness.

What is the nature of this dyad, a noumenon [&] its phenomena?

0014 When an Aristotelian approaches a thing, the first abstraction sees the thing in terms of matter and form.  Typically, matter raises questions in regards to material and formal causalities.  Form raises questions in regards to efficient and final causalities.

Aristotle’s hylomorphe is a premier example of Peirce’s category of secondness.  Secondness consists of two contiguous real elements.  The contiguity, which is placed in brackets for proper notation, should signify the… um… how one real element accounts for the other real element.

Here is a picture of Aristotle’s hylomorphe and Peirce’s category of secondness.

0015 Yes, both these figures associate to Peirce’s category of secondness, the realm of actuality.

Now, according to the Positivist’s judgment, the noumenon (the thing itself) and its phenomena (the observable and measurable facets of the noumenon) belong to the category of firstness.

Here is a picture of a slogan that may be attributed to the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1802 AD), even though he may never have actually said it.

0016 Isn’t that how philosophy operates?

A lifetime of dedicated thinking gets alchemically distilled into a slogan propounded by people who claim to be dedicated to philosophy, but are only gossips spreading unwarranted attributions.

0017 Well, maybe not “unwarranted”.

How so?

Kant’s slogan makes a crucial point.

No matter how many observations and measurements of phenomena that one makes, the resulting model does not fully objectify the thing itself.

0018 Kant’s slogan is anathema for any scientist who is convinced that science is the only reliable way to approach reality.

But, scientists are a hearty sort, even when wounded by technically appropriate statements that are anathema.  One hundred years after Kant (and I suspect, even during Kant’s lifetime), triumphalist scientists have a response-at-hand.  The noumenon is a philosophical construct.  Therefore, it may be regarded as the first approximation to a successful model, which can be objectified as its phenomena.  Since the model belongs to secondness in both the Positivist’s and empirio-schematic judgments, the model is more actual than the noumenon.  So, the model should replace the noumenon.

0019 If a model overlays the noumenon, then the apparent contradiction resolves.

Isn’t that cathartic?

0020 Well, it is good enough for scientists who are not much interested in philosophy.

How so?

To start, how can a mathematical or mechanical model be the source of the phenomena that is observed and measured in order to generate… um… itself, through the medium of a scientific disciplinary language?

0021 Okay, what about a college-level physics or chemistry or biology laboratory?

Have you ever noticed that some students (especially the one’s susceptible to philosophical inquiry) find each laboratory perplexing, as an instructor leads the class through a recipe that demonstrates that the principles behind the recipe are as real as well… any thing that you’d find in nature?

The laboratory recipe allows one to generate the phenomena that need to be observed and measured (please correctly fill out the experiment’s fact sheet) in order to validate that the model [can be objectified as] its phenomena.

And, the instructor never mentions Kant’s slogan, because the instructor has excluded philosophy so rigorously that things themselves can be replaced by scientific mathematical and mechanical models.

0022  From the point of view of a college instructor, the model (overlaying the noumenon) can be objectified as its phenomena.

The instructor does not realize that the phenomena have changed. They are not the observable and measurable facets of things that one encounters in nature.  They are recipes for generating observations and measurements in a laboratory.  A subtle change in the nature of the noumenon (it is now a model) changes the phenomena.  In this case, the phenomena become so routine that college sophomores can handle the equipment necessary to encounter the model overlaying the noumenon.

0023 In a weird sort of way, biosemiotics parallels laboratory science.  Biosemiotics seeks a recipe where a sign-relation can substitute for a noumenon.  Semiotics goes with sign-relations.  Agency goes with the operations of biological agents.

At the same time, the parallel fails.  Semiotic agency is not a successful empirio-schematic model, worthy enough to place over its noumenon.  Semiotic agency is a philosophical formulation, which contains all four of Aristotle’s causalities in such a way that metaphysical unities express distinctive phenomena.

In sum, semiotic agency, properly defined, may satisfy the positivist intellectual mandate that metaphysics is not allowed.  How?  Semiotic agency places metaphysical unities within the noumenon, which gives rise to phenomena.

0024 In sum, Sharov and Tonnessen’s challenge is to produce a vision of semiotic agency that is not a natural science model, but can serve as what the noumenon must be, in order to be objectified as biosemiotic phenomena.

0025 I now have set the stage for examining section 1.1, titled “Agency as a Subject of Science”.

If semiotic agency overlays the noumenon, then I can discern its phenomena.  Phenomena are observable and measurable facets that objectify their noumenal overlay.  Semiotic agency, for biosemiotics, parallels successful physical, chemical or biochemical models, for the laboratory sciences.

0026 Where to start the construction of semiotic agency as a noumenal overlay?

The authors refer to a 2009 paper by Kaveli Kull, who proposes the following what is for the Positivist’s judgment.

To me, the agent looks like a reasonable noumenon.  Plus, an agent cannot be fully objectified as its measurable and observable facets (phenomena).

0027 For the Kantian slogan, the agent (or agency) is the noumenon.  The noumenon cannot be objectified as its phenomena.  The noumenon is a semiotic agency.  Its phenomena follow the four criteria for agent behavior.

So, what if, through philosophical sleight of hand, I substitute a sign-relation as a noumenal overlay over agent as noumenon?

And, what if the four points listed as phenomena are embedded within that sign-relation?

Then, the noumenon changes from “agent” to “semiotic agency”.

0028 Semiotics concerns inquiry into sign-relations.  Agents participate in sign-relations.  So, the four phenomena identified by Kull may be specific to a sign-relation.  Plus, that sign-relation may be subsumed into a noumenon.

0029 The sign-relation has a triadic structure involving three elements: sign-vehicle, sign-object and sign-interpretant.  The formula for expressing a specifying sign-relation goes like this: A sign-vehicle (SV_s) stands for (or “specifies”) a sign-object (SO_s) in regards to a sign-interpretant (SI_s).

Since Kull’s criteria can be observed and measured and since they are integral to each agent, then these four phenomena must belong to a specifying sign-object (SO_s).  This SO_s situates a sign-vehicle (SV_s) that corresponds to a content-level actuality.

0030 Well, that is a good first step.

But what about the specifying sign-interpretant (SI_s)?

Perhaps I can assign two of Kull’s four phenomena to the SI_s, as in the following figure.

A content-level actuality (SV_s) specifies (stands for) a goal (SO_s) in regards to an agent’s self governance operating on possible courses of action (SI_s).

0031 Now, I already mentioned that the judgment (as a triadic relation) unfolds into a single category-based nested form.  A normal context₃ brings actuality₂ into relation with the possibility of ‘something’₁.  Thirdness brings secondness into relation with firstness.  (See A Primer on the Category-Based Nested Form, by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues.)

The specifying sign-relation is not so simple.  A SV_s stands for a SO_s in regards to a SI_s.  Both SV_s and SO_s belong to secondness, the realm of actuality.  But, they do so on different levels.  The SV_s is a content-level actuality.  The content level associates to firstness.  The SO_s is a situation-level actuality and therefore, virtually situates the SV_s. The situation level associates to secondness.

This leaves the SI_s as the normal context_3b that contextualizes the situation-level actuality_2b and the potential_1b that underlies the situation-level actuality_2b.  In other words, the SI_s is the situation-level normal context_3b operating on a situation-level potential_1b.

0032 Here is a picture of the specifying sign, within a two-level interscope.  (See A Primer on Sensible and Social Construction, by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues.  Two-level interscopes are typical for sensible construction.)

0033 Now, I can apply Kull’s criteria characterizing semiotic agency as a noumenal overlay.

0034 Kull’s criteria transform into the stuff of phenomena and models.

0035 The situation level may be rebranded as the agent level.

The content-level can be labeled the event or sign-vehicle level.

An event can serve as a sign-vehicle.  People routinely confound the sign-vehicle with the sign-relation.  This makes sense, in so far as a sign-vehicle stands for its sign-object in regards to a sign-interpretant.  Therefore, the sign-vehicle and the sign-relation are inseparable.  The event-level contains a real actuality_2a (SV_s) that initiates a sign-relation containing another real actuality_2b (SO_s).  The event is semiotic.

0036 Here is a picture.

Note how I move the sign-object (SO_s) to the object in contiguity with a goal since the object and the goal each have their own labels.  For biosemiotic processes, the object is like matter and the goal is like form.  The contiguity is reserved for later discussion.  At the moment, suffice to say that the agent actualizes an object (SO_s) [in contiguity with] a goal_2b.  The agent₃ actualizes agency₂.

Also, the agent as interpretant says, “The normal context of self-governance_3b operates on the possibility of ‘courses of action’_1b.”

0037 I ask, “Does this sign-containing two-level interscope of agency or agent_b(event_a) qualify as a noumenal overlay?”

In section 1.1, the authors wonder whether this agency_b(semiotic_a) can serve as a subject of science.  The answer is affirmative, under the condition that the above noumenon manifests observable and measurable facets.  The resulting data may then be used, under the guidance of a disciplinary language, to produce mathematical and mechanical models.  Or, if not explicitly mathematical or mechanical, then models, nonetheless.

Then, in principle, each successful model can be set over this noumenal overlay, and we don’t have to worry about agent_b(event_a) anymore, until encountering section 1.3.

0038 Section 1.2 wrestles with the possibilities of mathematical and mechanical models, based on truncated material and efficient causalities.  Are these types of models capable of honestly portraying the autonomy, the goal-directedness, and the semiotic character of an agency_b(event_a)?

Say what?

Here is my reading.  If the two-level interscope pictured above is real, then how can a scientist (who would rather not get into philosophical topics) study semiotic agency?  If the two-level interscope is the thing itself, then what are its observable and measurable facets?

0039 Section 1.3 worries that the specifying sign-relation will disappear under a pile of independent applications, each proposing an empirio-schematic model, according to its own disciplinary language.  How could each particular model overlay the um… noumenal overlay of sign-object_2b(sign-vehicle_2a)?

0040 Supposedly, all proposed mechanisms, like leaves in a giant leaf-pile, fall from the same tree.  They cover the roots of the one life that they once all held in common, the noumenal overlay of the agency_b(semiotic_a).  The tree is semiosis.  The tree represents science beyond mere mechanism.  So, as each specialization builds a successful model capable of substituting for the noumenal overlay, that specialization detaches from the semiotic tree, and falls to a mundane level of scientific inquiry.

0041 Say what?

In a play on the subtitle, the goal of the noumenal overlay is to reveal a science beyond natural-science mechanism, and in the process, open opportunities for novel sciences to figure out mechanisms appropriate to a science beyond mathematical and mechanical models.

0042 Ah, so that is what this book is all about.

Or is it?

The authors recognize that there is no consensus concerning the compatibility of semiosis and mechanisms. Theoretically, each sign could have its own science, whereby the sign’s mechanisms are modeled using a highly specific material-oriented and instrumental language.  Furthermore, once a model is successful, it may replace its noumenal overlay, according to the style of triumphalist scientists, and thereby detach from the tree of semiosis, because the postulation of that tree is no longer necessary.

0043 The remainder of section 1.3 and all of 1.4 waffle around a question, asking, “Can we imagine that this multitude of mechanistic empirio-schematic leaves, covering the roots of the tree that originally embodied the agent_b(event_a) paradigm that budded them, is linked to the tree of semiosis?”

0044 It is like not seeing the tree due to the abundance of fallen leaves.  

Each leaf testifies to a mechanism that accounts for the observations and measurements of phenomena for one particular noumenon… or noumenal overlay… or something like that… and that mechanism, if successful, may be triumphantly placed over that one noumenon, and, in doing so, inquiry detaches from what?… the noumenon that all semiotic agencies have in common?

Once an empirio-schematic judgment successfully models the phenomena associated with its noumenon, then what use does it have for the thing itself?

Yes, all the models built by the sciences beyond (natural science) mechanism, one for each manifestation of semiotic agency, are like the dead leaves of autumn.  One wonders whether they all belong to the same living noumenon, pictured above as Kull’s two-level interscope.

0045 Sharov and Tonnessen resolve this dilemma by formulating a noumenal overlay that allows scientists to identify which elements give rise to phenomena and which elements need to be explained by semiotic models.

0046 How do they accomplish this?

The very term, “semiotic agency”, offers a clue.

Kull’s interscope belongs to the category of thirdness.  “Semiotic agency” transitions to the category of secondness.  Secondness consists in two contiguous real elements.  The two real elements are the content-level and situation-level actualities (SV_s and SO_s).  The contiguity consists of the situation-level normal context and potential (SI_s).

Here is a picture.

0047 A triadic structure (the specifying sign) may be transformed into a dyadic structure (the dyad of semiotic agency).  Dyads are typical for the category of secondness, the realm of actuality.  The above figure contains a fundament dyad and a resonant dyad.  Both dyads may be compared to Aristotle’s hylomorphe, matter [substance] form.

0048 So far, so good.  The next question wonders, “Does this noumenal overlay work?  Can the scientist readily appreciate which elements give rise to phenomena and which need to be accounted for by a model?”

0049 I proceed by way of example.

Consider a metabolic thing such as a circadian rhythm for waking and sleeping.  The content-level actualities_2a are “sunlight” and “lack of sunlight”.  Sunlight_2a (SV_s) stands for “being awake”_2b (SO_s) according to an animal’s self-governance_3b operating on the potential of two metabolic states’_1b (SI_s).

Here is Kull’s interscope.

0050 Yes, I can recognize this interscope as a noumenon, but the items that give rise to phenomena and the processes that need mechanistic models are not obvious.  Maybe, the SV_s and SO_s support phenomena and SI_s needs to be accounted for by a model.

0051 Sharov and Tonnessen’s dyadic noumenal overlay formalizes this intuition and conveys the fact that all examples of semiotic agency have one (easily interpreted) dyadic actuality in common.

This example is no exception.

Phenomena follow form and matter (SV_s and SO_s).  The contiguities (SI_s and resonant contiguity) call for models.

0052 Surely, some simplifications may assist.

In particular, the contiguities should be made more accessible.

Fortunately, the English vernacular offers two words that fit the bill.

0053 The first is “habit”.  “Habit” is a spoken word that labels the SI_s.  A “habit” goes with the explicit abstraction where self-governance_3b serves as a normal context to the potential of ‘various courses of action’_1b.   Yes, our civilization already appropriated a label for this explicit abstraction.  That is promising.

On top of that, “habit” sounds like a formal cause and may serve as a final cause.

0054 The second is “salience”.  “Salience” is a spoken word that labels the contiguity between a specifying sign-object (SO_s) and an end (or final cause).  That “end” may be “a goal”, “a purpose” or “an intention”.

0054 Here is a picture of a simplified S&T’s noumenal overlay for this example.

0055 Surely, the elements that give rise to phenomena and the elements that must be accounted for by models stand out.

But, since I am not above pointing out the obvious, here are my associations.

May I summarize?

I start with an agent as a noumenon and Kull’s criteria as phenomena.

I end by combining both agent and Kull’s criteria in a triadic structure of semiotic agency that is at once a two-level interscope and a specifying sign-relation.

Then, Sharov and Tonnessen offer the opportunity to simplify this complicated triadic structure into a (science friendly) dyadic structure.

Now, Sharov and Tonnessen’s dyadic rendering of semiotic agency serves as a noumenal overlay that works as subject matter for biosemiotic inquiry.

0056 In the laboratory sciences, an experimental recipe allows the student to observe and measure phenomena that validate the model (overlaying the noumenon).

In biosemiotics, S&T’s noumenal overlay serves as a template for students and researchers.  Phenomena, corresponding to certain (real) elements, may be observed and measured in order to elucidate mechanistic models for the elements that constitute the contiguities.  In short, the mechanisms for the science beyond natural science consider phenomena that incorporate Aristotle’s formal and final causalities to be observable and measurable facets of S&T’s noumenal overlay. Consequently, biosemiotics is not philosophically impoverished.

0057 Does S&T’s noumenal overlay correspond to the propositions of a “New Mechanistic Philosophy” that have been floating around since around 2000 AD?

Yes, S&T’s noumenal overlay applies to structures that perform a function by virtue of their participation as a component in a larger operation.  In the example, being awake functions as a platform for the operation of conscious activities.  Function associates to salience.

No, S&T’s noumenal overlay does not reduce higher-level phenomena to the dynamics of lower-level components,except in so far as failure of lower-level components may trigger failure of higher-level components, leading to systemic failure.

0058 After that curveball, what about the idea of information?.

May I substitute the term, “information” for “object (SO_s)”?

If I do so, then I get two hylomorphes that look fairly independent, even though they are actually embedded, one within the other.

0059 What are the advantages of Sharov and Tonnessen’s noumenal overlay?

Well, first, for the natural sciences, noumena are recognizable things.  Such is the advantage of the label, “noumenon”.  The thing itself cannot be objectified by its observable and measurable facets because the noumenon should be obvious.  If it is not so obvious, then it must be pointed out.  To me, agency seems intuitively obvious.  At the same time, one cannot picture or point to agency.  The term is an explicit abstraction, leading to Kull’s criteria and similar proposals.

Second, for biosemiotics, semiotic agency manifests a sign-relation.  Sign-relations are intuitively obvious, but one cannot paint or tag a sign-relation.  In order to make the sign-relation an actual thing, the authors render a dyad, derived from the two-level specifying sign-relation. The dyad is a diagram that pictures the specifying-sign relation as an actuality.

For Aristotle, the dyad of matter and form constitutes the first step of philosophical abstraction.  See Comments on Jacques Maritain’s Book (1935) Natural Philosophy.  For Peirce, the category of secondness, the realm of actuality,consists in two contiguous real elements.

0060 Third, the S&T noumenal overlay more or less breaks down into elements that associate to phenomena and elements that need to be accounted for by models.

0061 How about validation?

Does this dyad integrate semiosis with mechanism?

In section 1.4, the authors offer principles for integration.

The question is whether this dyad satisfies those principles.

0062 The first principle?

According to anthropologist and semiotician, Gregory Bateson (1904-1980), a sign is a difference that expresses a difference.

Does S&T’s noumenal overlay match this statement?

0063 Note how Bateson mentions two differences.

The first difference is the difference between the SV_s and all other potential significations.  Somehow, to an agent, the SV_s stands out.  Well, it stands out because the SV_s “causes” (through habit SI_s) a SO_s. Or is it the other way around?  Does a SO_s make a SV_s more likely to be noticed?

The SV_s associates to form (for Aristotle’s hylomorphe) and effect (for a standard configuration of Peirce’s secondness).  The SV_s stands for a SO_s in the same way that a form can stand for its matter.  The SV_s is like a form that conjures the matter that substantiates it.  The SV_s is like an effect that prompts its cause.  So, the first difference is counter-intuitive, especially for the Aristotelian and the philosopher who imagines that cause precedes effect. Sign-relations do not easily break down into causes and effects. 

0064 The second difference occurs within the SO_s.  Now, within the SO_s, a sign-object [substantiates] a goal.  This substance characterizes a second dyad, corresponding to the sign-object serving as information substantiating a purpose.  So, the second difference is between two contiguous real elements: information and intention.  The substance may now be labeled with the term, “salience”.

Bateson’s definition of sign is satisfied.

0065 The second principle for integrating mechanism and semiosis is that a sign-relation may be regarded mechanistically.

Sharov and Tonnessen’s noumenal overlay fits the second principle in so far as the contiguities are subject to models.  The biosemiotician models [habits] and [salience].

0066 The third principle is that lower-level agencies are relied upon by higher-level agents.

S&T’s overlay satisfies this principle in the following manner.

0067 The fourth and final principle?

Mechanistic and semiotic analyses complement one another.

The complementarity between dyadic mechanistic formulations and triadic semiotic structures is obvious in S&T’s noumenal overlay.

0068 Now, I wrap up chapter one, by returning to the nature of science as two interlocking judgments.

The Positivist’s judgment originally applies to the natural sciences.  By the time that Kant articulates his position (that the noumenon cannot be ignored), physics and chemistry are speedily developing.  Biology is not far behind.  The social sciences are already exercising empirio-schematic judgments, even though noumena for the social sciences are not as obvious as noumena for the natural sciences.

0069 Does the Positivist’s judgment make sense?

Yes, as far as scientists are concerned, the empirio-schematic judgment (what ought to be, secondness) defines the operation.  Disciplinary language (relation, thirdness) brings mathematical and mechanical models (what ought to be,secondness) into relation with observations and measurements of phenomena (what is, firstness).  Models are a source of illumination for scientists.

No, as far as philosophers are concerned, what is for the Positivist’s judgment potentiates the operation. But, there is a problem.

0070 Why doesn’t a noumenon [&] its phenomena belong to the category of secondness, rather than firstness?

Secondness consists of two contiguous real elements.  Secondness is the dyadic realm of actuality.  Matter and form belong to one thing.  They are two real and distinct elements.  So, theoretically they are independent.  Matter [substantiates] form.

In contrast, what is for the Positivist’s judgment is assigned to the category of firstness.  Firstness is the monadic realm of possibility.  This implies that the two real elements cannot exist independently.  In other words, there is no noumenon without its phenomena and there are no phenomena without their noumenon.  The noumenon is the thing itself.  Phenomena are its observable and measurable facets.  They are the same thing.

But, they are distinctly different aspects of the same thing.  A noumenon [cannot be be objectified as] its phenomena.

0071 For example, consider a coin.

For Aristotle, the matter of a coin is (presumably) a precious metal.  The form is the stamped shape.  Matter and form are real (and independent) elements.  The coin belongs to secondness, according to Aristotle.

For the Positivist’s what is, the noumenon of a coin is the thing itself.  Its phenomena consists of the stamped impression, its standard weight, its standard metallic composition, as well as other observable and measurable facets.  Do phenomena also include how people handle coins?  Is how people handle coins an observable and measurable facet of the coin itself?

What is going on?

Is the Positivist asking the Aristotelian for the coin that he is holding, in order to ascertain whether he can detect some phenomena related to this noumenon?

What is he providing in return?

Oh, the Positivist is going to provide a data-driven mathematical model that is as actual (imbued with secondness) as what the Aristotelian regards as matter [substance] form.

I suppose that is worth the price of the coin.

0072 Okay, what about the transactional value of the coin?

For Aristotle, the transactional value is the coin’s formal cause.  The intended use of the coin for transactions (and for storing value) are the coin’s final causes.  These formal and final causes belong to the category of firstness, the realm of possibility.  So, for all practical purposes, the Aristotelian philosopher focuses on the noumenon, as the source of illumination.

For the Positivist’s what ought to be, models of transactional value explain how people respond to the noumenon, the coin, through use in transactions and in storage.  In the empirio-schematic judgment, the disciplinary language of economics (relation, thirdness) brings mathematical and mechanical models (what ought to be, secondness) into relation with observations and measurements of the way people handle money (what is, firstness),

0073 Clearly, the scientist adopts the Positivist’s judgment in order to construct models as real sources of illumination.  These models exclude formal and final causation.  The positivist intellect excludes metaphysics.  Consequently, all the formal and the final causes within the Positivist’s judgment get shoveled into the noumenon, then ignored, since the noumenon cannot be objectified as its phenomena.

0074 In the following figure, the two sources of illumination are painted red.

0075 So, what does the triumphalist scientist do?

Well, in academic laboratory sciences, triumphalist scientists place the model as an overlay for the noumenon.

In this way, a triumphal natural scientist can resolve the antithesis embedded in Kant’s slogan. The model (overlaying the noumenon) can be objectified as its phenomena.

0076 Here is a comparison. 

0077 While the reader may think that the triumphalist scientist’s trick for getting around Kant’s slogan may not be legitimate, the substitution provides a curious opportunity.  If a natural scientific model serves as a noumenon, then the observable and measurable facets of that noumenal overlay may serve as phenomena for another exercise of the empirio-schematic judgment.  A change in what is, for the Positivist’s judgment, provides new material for what ought to be.  In this case, what ought to be supports academic educational laboratory sciences.

The challenge for the laboratory sciences involves a search for experimental phenomena that clearly, safely and conveniently objectify their model (noumenal overlay).