0065 For animals, specifying signs constitute a creatures’ Umwelt (or Significant World).  The content and situation level of a two-level interscope are joined when a subject, a content-level actuality₂, appears.

0066 Consider the howl of a wolf.

In the scholastic world, a howl_2a is subjective (the subject matter is a thing) and an image of a wolf_2b is objective (the object is not the thing, but is a thought about the thing).

Both play a role in a specifying sign-relation.  A specifying sign traverses the content and situation levels.

0067 If I am a sheep, I hear the howl_2a (SV) and immediately conjure a phantasm of a wolf_2b (SO) within the normal context_3b of “what does it mean to me?” (SI) arising from the potential of situating the howl_1b (SI).

In the modern world, the howl_2a is objective (that is, not dependent on who is hearing it).  Also, a phantasm of a wolf_2b is subjective (that is, dependent on who is thinking it).  

Surely, when it comes to the terms, “subject” and “object”, the modern world presents an inverse of the scholastic.

The locus of “the subject” has switched from the subject matter to the thinking thing.  The former locus is scholastic.  The latter is modern.

0068 Keep that in mind when I say that there seems to be a backflow from the situation to the content level.  The situation-level question_3b, “What does it mean to me?”, flows back into the content-level query_3a, “What is happening?”.

In scholastic terms, the objective flows back into the subjective.

0069 At the same time, if I am a sheep, the situation-level phantasm of a wolf_2b stands for a perspective-level question, “Where is my shepherd?”_2c, in regards to the normal context of sensible action_3c and the possibilities inherent in ‘protection’_1c.

0070 The attempt to make sense_3c of what it means to me_3b and what is happening_3a belongs to the sign-interpretant of an exemplar sign.  So does its_3c potential_1c.  An exemplar sign traverses the situation and perspective levels.  In the exemplar sign, the situation level is intersubjective (rather than objective) and the perspective level is suprasubjective (a relation that everyone can agree upon… or maybe… at least, hold in mutual regard and, in the best case, turns out to be true).

Here is a picture.

The specifying and exemplar signs are discussed in Comments on John Deely’s Book (1994) New Beginnings, by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues.

0071 The Lord is my shepherd.  I shall not want (Psalm 23).

In this case of the howl of a wolf, substitute the word, “fear” for “want”.

If I am a sheep, then (I suspect that) my shepherd has a bunch of rocks in his satchel, along with a sling to throw those rocks.  All it takes is one well-thrown rock to deter a wolf.

0072 Does this imply that the sign-object for the exemplar sign can become a sign-vehicle for another sign?

If so, then the sign-vehicle, asking, “Where is my shepherd?”_2c, stands for a sign-object, the actuality of a shepherd and his flock_2a, in regards to a sign-interpretant, where a normal context, saying that danger is happening_3a, arises from the potential that I need not fear_1a.

0073 This interventional sign is developed in Comments on Sasha Newell’s Article (2018) “The Affectiveness of Symbols”, by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues.

0074 Here is a picture.

0075 John Deely, during his time on Earth, serves as a shepherd, of sorts.  He always tries to keep the sheep together, but never really succeeds.  He is more an impresario than a shepherd, so when he says, “Hear my voice.”, one does not even need to be in the same room.  His flock includes semioticians, admirers, curious folk and a few Thomists, who love sheep analogies.  In the wings of his rag-tag coalition, wolves in sheep-clothing linger.

Deely preaches the specifying sign.  His inquiries exhibit the exemplar sign.  His behavior reminds me of the interventional sign.  If anyone lives life as a semiotic animal, Deely does.

0076 Deely is open to all comers, including doctors, scientists, pharmaceutical executives, shamans, fortune-tellers and Thomists.  Each is concerned with an instance of a sign relation, including symptoms, psychological and sociological causalities, drug-body and drug-mind interactions, spiritual wanderings, clues to future events, and, of course, the appropriateness of Thomas Aquinas for all applications.  Deely encourages each inquirer to consider their instances as examples of sign-relations and says, “See where that goes.”

0077 Here is Deely’s specifying sign.

0078 In Deely’s exemplar sign, topics for semiotics_2b (SV) stands for the triadic nature of signs, mediations, judgments and so on_2c (SO) in regards to a perspective-level normal context, asking “What can I learn?”_3c, arising from the potential of discovery_1c (SI).

Deely’s exemplar discovery is that the Baroque Scholastic, John Poinsot (writing around 1650 AD) arrives at the same definition of a sign-relation as Charles Peirce (writing in the 1850s AD).  This discovery couples the initiation of postmodernism (truly, not falsely, labeled) with the twilight of Thomistic (as well as other brands of) scholasticism.  Deely places the start of the modern Age of Ideas at 1650.  Deely dates the start of the Age of Triadic Relations with Peirce’s publication of his first list of categories in 1857.

0079 Here is Deely’s exemplar sign.

0080 In the book under examination, written midway between Deely’s publication of the monumental The Four Ages of Understanding in 2001 and his death in 2017, triadic relations_2c (SV) stands for the nature of humans_2a (SO) in regards to postmodern inquiry_3a arising from potential of ‘overcoming modern distinctions, such as the distinction between idealism and realism’_1a (SI).

0081 Here is my view of Deely’s interventional sign.

0082 Deely dies in 2017.  The flock has no clue as to the implications.

The wool-clad wolves say, “Enough of this.  We are weary of you encouraging this rag-tag flock of inquirers.  We are going to turn semiotics into an academic discipline and a profession.  In order to be a semiotician, certification will be required.”

0083 The specifying sign remains the same.  Find an instance_2a then explain that instance in terms of semiotics_2b.  

0084 The exemplar sign is where the teeth start to flash.  Each topic for semiotics_3b (SV) stands for an opportunity to develop disciplinary expertise_2a (SO) in regards to the normal context of an academic establishment_3c arising from the potential of ‘professionalism’_1c (SI).

The inspiration is not to make a discovery.  The ambition is to become professional.

0085 The interventional sign produces an incredible oddity.  Individual wolves are not sufficient.  They must team up into a single three-headed creature, a Cerebus, so to speak, who guards the passage to the underworld of success in academics.  One head is a gatekeeper.  One head edits publications.  One head hones the criteria for professional license.

The disciplinary language of semiotics_2c (SV) stands for an opportunity to publish in a “reputable” journal_2a (SO) in regards to the Cerebus_3a guarding the professional “credentials” of those seeking publication_1a (SI).  Should only those with postgraduate degrees in the preferred fields and from the preferred schools submit to the premier journals?

I wonder.

0086 Here is a picture of the interventional sign.

0087 The medieval scholastics identified the specifying and the exemplar signs.  They may have grasped something like the interventional sign.  But, the interventional sign becomes more and more apparent only recently, in the field of anthropology.  The interventional sign may be a post-modern and a post-scholastic discovery that touches base first, with the field of anthropology, as noted in Comments on Sasha Newell’s Article (2018) “The Affectiveness of Symbols”, by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues.

0088 Deely does not mention this sign in any of his books.

Why?

He lives it.

Deely is a semiotic animal.

0089 Today, Deely, from his place of rest, speaks in his publications.

In chapter eight, Deely reminds us that triadic relations allow for mistakes.

Why are mistakes important?

Mistakes offer opportunities for correction and development, including the slow realization of the implications of following a particular shepherd.

0090 Is it a mistake to regard Deely as a most entertaining and bombastic shepherd?

If the answer is yes, then the sheep must now be culled for professionalism by a three-headed dog.

If the answer is no, then the Cerebus of the Underworld of Semiotica will also pass, as it becomes more and more clear that humans are semiotic animals, which is what Deely and his flock are advocating all along.  Simply being humanmakes one into a semiotician.  

Certification is not required.

0091 In chapter eight, Deely evaluates the sign-relation in regards to premodern protosemiotic distinctions.  Distinctions vary according to category.

Two distinct normal contexts will either exclude or align.  For example, death and resting in peace are normal contexts that can exclude or align, depending on one’s perspective (and God’s suprasubjective judgment).

Two distinct actualities separate on the basis of one particular contradiction.  For example, living and dead are may refer to the same biological entity, suffering one or the other condition.

Two possibilities may be recognized as distinct, even though one cannot exist without the other.  For a scientific example, a noumenon cannot exist without its phenomena and phenomena cannot exist without their noumenon.

0093 Here are two distinctions that, for centuries, schoolmen thought actual.

0094 First, Deely notes that the sign-relation makes these distinctions “permeable”.  They start to leak into one another.  Indeed, not only does leakage occur within the distinctions, it occurs between the pairs of distinctions.

What does this imply?

Do both distinctions move from the category of secondness and into the category of firstness?

If so, then the distinction between fundamenta remota and proxima belongs to a single entity, as well as the distinction between mind-independent and mind-dependent being, as well as the distinction between fundaments and beings.

0095 Whoa!  Aristotelian distinctions may be relevant, but leaky?

Or does each distinction offer only a partial view of a single entity?

0096 Second, Deely claims that the sign-relation, in particular, and triadic relations, in general, are the only modes in which a finite mind can form.  Our minds embody sign-relations, in particular, and triadic relations, in general.

What a remarkable claim.  Biologists take note.  Here is a proposal concerning the human niche.  The human niche is the potential of triadic relations.

In this regard, Razie Mah presents three masterworks on the topic of human evolution: The Human Niche (with four accompanying commentaries), An Archaeology of the Fall (with accompanying  instructor’s guide) and How To Define the Word “Religion” (with ten accompanying primers).  These are available at smashwords and other e-book venues.

0097 How does anyone know when what is out there is real?

Wisdom will tell.  That is why the word, “philosophy” is Greek for the love of Sophia.  Sophia is the personification of wisdom.  

0098 Aristotle formulates his list of categories in order to specify ways in which a finite mind can verify independent existence.  This list contains features that a being of reason (ens rationis) would need to verify in its encounter with mind-independent being (ens reale).

0099 What does this imply?

Twenty-five centuries after Aristotle, a self-promoting psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, tells me.  Dreams are the fulfillment of unconscious wishes, desires and beliefs.

Consequently, Aristotle’s categories are dream-elements that allow the inquirer to… um… step out of his or her sleep-walking.

0100 The term, “relation”, appears on Aristotle’s list.

With this observation, Deely begins his discussion and spends the remainder of chapter eight, and all of nine, recounting how philosophers wrestle with this term, “relation”, for thousands of years.  Their contest concludes with the Baroque scholastic, John Poinsot.

0101 Here is the crux.

All the other terms in Aristotle’s list allows one to distinguish between substance (the way that matter substantiates form) and accidents (properties that do not exist in and of themselves, but in and of substantive beings).  A substantive being has the character of ens reale.  An accident is more like… well… something with the character of ens rationis.  It’s realness depends on someone noticing it.

0102 Deely attributes a long period of philosophical meandering to the distinction between substance and accident.  Flowers are substantive.  Bees are substantive.  What about the relation of flowers and bees?  Well, “relation” is on Aristotle’s list.  So, it must be substantive.  But, this relation is neither flower nor bee.  Perhaps, it is real if someone notices it.  Doesn’t that sound vaguely postmodern?  A text is real only in the reading.

0103 Here is another example.

Some common folk notice that, after throwing a soggy log onto a campfire, a salamander or two runs out.  Hmmm.  What is a schoolman to say to that?

It is the same problem as flowers and bees, with one more substance.  The fire is real.  The log is real.  The salamander is real.   Also, the relation is real.  But, this relation is real only because someone notices ‘something’ about the fire, the log and the salamander.

0104 The schoolman says the following.

The remote fundament is the person who sees the event.

The proximate fundament is the salamander and the fire.

The mind-independent being is the salamander, who runs right out of the fire… er… steaming log.

The mind-dependent being is the notion that salamanders are born from fire.

0105 The schoolmen have yet to figure out that their crucial distinctions actually describe a relation with three termini.

0106 Adding to this mix is the distinction between substance and accident.

Here, it helps to remember Aristotle’s foundational dyadic actuality.

0107 For the log and fire, the substance is the contiguity between matter and form.  That is straightforward.  For the salamander, its substance is “in esse” the fire, in so far as the fire substantiates the form of the salamander.

Consequently, the relation between the salamander and fire is “in esse“.  This relation belongs to ens reale, and conveys a sense of esse_ce (which is my way of Anglicizing the Latin term, “esse“).

Plus, the relation between the the salamander and the observer is “ad esse“, from the proximate fundament towards (in Latin, “ad”) the remote fundament.  This conveys a sense of ens rationis.

0108 What a mess!

Deely winds his way through the terminology of subjective (the subject is ens reale, mind independent being), objective(the object is ens rationis, an accident noticed by someone in regards to the subject) and intersubjective (the fact that someone notices ‘something’ about the subject is itself a mind-independent being).

0109 In the 1000s, schoolmen put ens reale front and center.  Why?  They want to distinguish ens reale from ens rationis.  The idea is to separate the subject from the object.

By the 1600s, the Baroque scholastics examine the intersubjective, the ens rationis (of the specifying sign) that inspires the ens reale (of the exemplar sign), while Descartes’ vision of a mechanical philosophy takes Northern Europe by storm.

0110 In section 8.3.3, still working towards the 1600s, Deely slows to a crawl.

The distinction between substance and accident veils the triadic sign-relation.

Things have or are substances.  The technical terms are esse, substantiated being (for me, esse_ce) and ens, being as being (regardless of substantiation).

Colors or adornments are accidents that depend on the subjectivity of a subject.  The technical term is in esse or depending on the esse_ce of another.  Esse_ce is equivalent to matter [substantiating].  Note that an adornment does not alter the essence, the [substantiated] form.

Sign-relations may depend on the subjectivity of a substance as one terminus.  But, um… it may also depend on the subjectivity of an accident.  The subjectivity of the sign-vehicle associates to ens reale.  The objectivity of the sign-objectis altogether confounding, because it is ens rationis.  It depends on someone noticing.  That someone serves as the ens reale that makes ens rationis possible.

0111 What is the substance of a sign relation?

The fact that the question confuses is no accident.

It is in esse, in so far as one terminus is indifferent to substance or accident, as long as there is a substance or accident.

It is ad esse, in so far as another terminus depends on someone noticing.  Plus, it does not care who that someone is.

0112 Let me return to the salamander business.

Let me play the role of a perplexed schoolman in (say) the early 1600s.  Europe is on fire, both metaphorically and literally.  Huge wars.  Weird weather.  Some rivers flood and other run dry.  Rumor has it that a dog is born with three heads. Gold and silver from the new continent drive Spanish aristocrats mad.  Like the protestants, the aristocrats think that money is a sign of God’s favor.  So, the time has come to go to war.

At least, Fernando Suarez’s books are best sellers.

0113 Then, there are reports of salamanders.  For centuries, salamanders stand for birth in fire in regards to observations at campfires.  Now, the mechanical philosophers from the north say that the claim is nonsense and superstition.

Ugh. Three items.  And, I only have two sets of applicable distinctions.

0114 What about salamanders?

Salamanders are things.  Things belong to ens reale.  Natural philosophy says, “Consider things in terms of two contiguous real elements, matter and form.”

0115 The form is the salamander. The matter must be fire.  The essence is substantiated form, that is, a real salamander dashing from a sizzling log.  The esse_ce is matter substantiating.  The presence of esse_ce in the thing produces a potential for ‘something inesse‘.  That ‘something’ associates to the proximate fundament, the observed sign.

Also, the fact that someone notices means that something in the actuality of matter has the potential to be noticed.  So, the presence of esse_ce in the thing produces a potential for ‘something adesse‘.  That ‘something’ associates to the remote fundament, the one who observes the sign.

0116 Here is a picture.

0117 The missing element_2b belongs to the remote fundament.

The missing element_2b is also ens rationis.

So, what do scholastics conclude, with the approbation of common folk?

Fire births salamanders_2b.  This is a kind of expression, in Latin, a species expressa.

0118 In the figure below, the sign-vehicle (SV), the sign-object (SO), and the sign-interpretant (SI) are labeled for the specifying sign (or, for scholastics, specifying extrinsic formal causality).

0119 At the start of chapter nine, Deely claims that triadic relations are the only modes of being that the finite mind can form by its properly cognitive activity.

This raises an awkward question, asking, “How do I know whether my finite mind agrees with any other?”

0120 Here, Deely makes a crucial point.  Objective is not enough.  My specifying sign-object is mine.  What about others?

After all, I am a sheep.  I worry about things like that.

0121 If everyone else experiences the same specifying sign-relation, and if we all share the same perspective, then I can assume that my objective sign-object is shared among subjects like myself (intersubjective). 

Now, the confusion between subjective and objective among moderns becomes a little clearer.  Moderns confound the specifying and exemplar signs.  Moderns relabel “intersubjective” as “subjective”, because the inquirer’s frame shifts from situating content (according to the specifying sign) to contextualizing situation (with the exemplar sign).

On top of that, they relabel the suprasubjective (or perspective) level as “objective”.

0122 So, does Descartes convert the exemplar sign into a specifying sign? 

Egads!

0123 Oh, I don’t want to step off that ledge.

So, let me back up and say that there must a perspective level (corresponding to Peirce’s thirdness) contextualizing a situation level (corresponding to Peirce’s secondness).

Here is a picture.

0123 According to Deely, there are two modes for a purely objective being, objective and intersubjective. 

The situation level is objective, with respect to the specifying sign, and intersubjective, with respect to the exemplar sign.

The specifying sign couples the content (SV) and situation (SO & SI) levels.

The exemplar sign couples the situation (SV) and perspective (SO and SI) levels.

0124 In 1500, everyone agrees that fire conjures salamanders.

By 1600, lots of people are asking, “Does the claim make sense?”

That question raises the potential of contextualizing the (to the modern academic, “subjective”, and to the postmodern scholastic, “intersubjective”) situation-level actuality, the species expressa that fire conjures salamanders_2b.

0125 At this point, the Baroque scholastics are going for broke.

0126 Plus, Rene Descartes is telling everyone who will listen, “Salamanders are not born in fire.”

0127 According to the scholastics, humans are rational animals.  The animal foundation supports the specifying sign.  The rational qualifier associates to the exemplar sign.  A hand-off occurs in the situation-level actuality_2b of the interscope for the specifying and exemplar signs.

Now, imagine the fashioning of a philosophical instrument according to the following diagram.

Did I write that correctly?

0128 Another way to say that is, “The moderns call the intersubjective level, ‘subjective’.  Plus, the moderns call the suprasubjective level, ‘objective’.”

Consequently, Descartes seems to be saying, “The ‘subjective’ has the character of ens rationis (mind-dependent being) and the ‘objective’ has the character of an ens reale (mind-independent being) that we (mechanical philosophers) can agree on.”

0129 A simple translation of Descartes’ formulation into a category-based nested form yields the following modern epistemology.

0130 The mind₃ is a Cartesian intellect₃.

The object of experience₂ concerns the species expressa, where salamanders are conjured by fire₂.  This species expressais an opinion, a “subjective” view that accounts for what oneself and others have observed.  

The potential₁ offers a skeptical counterpoint₁.  The salamander₁ cannot be objectified by one’s casual observation that it runs out of a fire₁.  Systematic observations are required in order to reach an “objective” (and for scholastics, “suprasubjective”) conclusion.

0131 Note how Cartesian skepticism sets the stage for the civilizational ascent of so-called “expertise”. 

The corresponding exemplar sign says, “The idea that fire births salamanders_2b (SV) stands for a ‘subjective’ (for moderns, ‘intersubjective’ for scholastics) false opinion_2c (SO) in regards to what mechanical philosophers say_3c about the potential of systematic observations_1c (SI).

0132 In the column for normal context, the question of what the mechanical philosopher says_3c puts the fact that everyone notices_3b into perspective.

In the column for potential, systematic observations_1c virtually contextualizes casual or common place observations_1b.

In the column for actuality, the common expression that fire conjures salamanders_2b is virtually contextualized by the conclusion that this “subjective” opinion is not “objective”_2c.

0133 Then, the subsequent interventional sign brings the focus of attention back, not to the external world, but the world of science.

Here is a picture.

0134 The falseness of common and scholastic inquiry_2c (SV) stands for the necessity of the empirio-schematic judgment_2a(SO) in regards to the positivist intellect_3a arising from the potential of phenomena_1a (SI).

Phenomena are systematically observable and measurable facets of a noumenon.

0135 Perhaps, the fact that the sign-object and sign-interpretant of the interventional sign of the mechanical philosophersmanifests as the elements of the Positivist’s judgment, is a coincidence.

Perhaps, not.

0136 Does the falseness of common and scholastic opinions_2c (SV) stand for what ought to be_2a (SO), according to the Positivist’s judgment, in regards to relation_3a and what is_1a for the Positivist’s judgment (SV)? 

0137 Once again, here is the category-based nested form version of the Positivist’s judgement, which is first described in Comments on Jacques Maritain’s Book (1935) Natural Philosophy.

0138 The sign-interpretant of the Cartesian interventional sign serves as an invitation for scientists to try to cast their systematic observations and measurements of phenomena as mathematical or mechanical models according to their disciplinary language.

0139 Of course, this leaves the common folk and the scholastics hanging.

What about their experiences and opinions?

Are they all to be replaced by empirio-schematic actualities?

Are we doomed to the fallacy that the external world, full of things themselves, reduces to its systematically observable and measurable facets (even though what is of the Positivist’s judgment says that a noumenon cannot be reduced to its phenomena)?

Can everything be modeled by science?

Deely confronts this issue in chapter ten.

0140 Where do moderns go wrong? 

Here are my answers.

0141 Well, first of all, even though the Latin scholastics eventually discover the nature of signs, their conclusions are tossed into the waste-bin of modern philosophical history.  Fortunately for John Deely, no one bothered to throw out the trash.  John Poinsot’s writings survive.

0142 Second of all, common folk rely on their intuition.  I call this intuition, “implicit abstraction”.  Human capacities for implicit abstraction are honed by adaptations to the niche of the potential of triadic relations.  This claim is the topic of one of Razie Mah’s masterworks, The Human Niche, available at smashwords and other e-book venues.

0143 Third, according to the scholastics, the sign-relation couples the world of subjects, corresponding to the ‘world out there’, with the world of objects, corresponding to the ‘world in here’.  Furthermore, the sign-relation entangles material and instrumental causation.  But, the sign-relation does not reduce to material and instrumental causalities that can be mathematically and mechanically modeled.

0144 Fourth, sign-objects do not reduce to things, nor to the things that give rise to them, nor to the thoughts that tell us what they are… um… supposed to be.  On top of that, the sign-object for one sign can become a sign-vehicle for a subsequent sign, just as the sign-interpretant can.  Plus, if that isn’t enough… did you see that salamander jump out of that fire?

Surely, failure to reduce opens one’s cognitive spaces to… oh look!  There’s another one!

What interest does science have in such nonsense?

0145 Fifth, material and instrumental causalities are dyadic in nature and therefore can be modeled based on systematic observations and measurements under experimentally controlled conditions.  Material causalities start to get fuzzy under uncontrolled conditions.  Formal and final causalities cannot be modeled because measurements, even when they are made by experiments and surveys, tend to be specific to the ruses that permit such experiments and surveys to be conducted.  Psychological experiments do not inform the subject about the formal topic of investigation.  Surveys cannot directly ask about intentionality.

What does the fifth imply?

Formal and final causalities characterize the noumenon.

0146 Sixth, according to modern scientists, the noumenon must be avoided at all costs.